In the present paper Diffusion of Innovation theory was used to review instructional Innovations. According to the theory of Diffusion at the beginning an Innovation is adopted by pioneers. If the results of application of such an Innovation are positive, it would be adopted by others. As an Innovation is adopted more and more, remaining people who haven't adopted the Innovation decrease, so that the rate of adoption would reduce until another Innovation replaces the previous one A historical overview of the instructional Innovations in the past few decades shows that popular Innovations such as programmed instruction and educational television follow a bell shaped' curve. Indeed (in the beginning), the rate of adoptions of these Innovations increases; but after a short period, the rate decreased. A new popular Innovation, electronic learning, followed such models. Despite its attraction, new findings indicate that e-learning projects are declining.

Achaemenid Period in Iran. Buildings with columned halls dated to Median Period were discovered in Nush-i Jan and Godin. Similar buildings were also present in Baba Jan, Ziwiye, Hasanlu, Kordlar and Bastam as well. Among these buildings, the oldest example of columned hall belongs to Hasanlu, where seven buildings including columned hall were constructed in three successive periods of Hasanlu V, IVc and IVb, dated to ca. 1250-800 B. C. The main common characteristic of these buildings is their central part, which was constructed in form of a columned hall, along with other common components and elements, such as: a portico and an anteroom in entrance, a stairway passed around a central column on a side of the anteroom, ancillary rooms situated along the sides of the hall, benches constructed on sides of the hall, columns added at the sides of the hall, raised hearth in the center of the hall, and a platform opposite the entrance of the hall. Use of these common characteristics in Hasanlu continued for about four centuries and led to formation of a particular architectural tradition. In regards to the origin and the prototype of this architectural style, as well as its continuity and subsequent changes until the Achaemenid Period, different notions were brought up. Some scholars have sought the origin of this style out of the Iranian plateau. Others have considered it as a linear or multilinear evolution. Most of these opinions are based on the basis of the theory of Diffusion. The present essay brings up a different opinion about the formation of this architectural style in Hasanlu. On the basis of this view, the construction of columned halls can be taken as an internal Innovation in indigenous architecture of Hasanlu, considering their common features with other contemporary buildings without a columned hall in Hasanlu

Purpose: Adoption and Diffusion of Innovation is one of the indicators of community progress. Innovation is a process in which ideas and new methods are created or developed. The aim of this study was to visualize the scientific structure of Innovation Diffusion during 1990-2011.Method: The research method was scientometrics. During the period of 1990-2011, 3180 records were extracted in WoS and necessary analyses were performed on them.Findings: Results showed that the collaboration coefficient from 0.204 in 1990 raised to 0.508 in 2011 and the average of collaboration coefficient was 0.378 for the whole period. Due to the critical value at confidence level of 95% (0.0177> 0.8578), it can be said that the present work is in accordance with Lutka’s law. The fields of Management with 796 records (25%), Commerce with 546 records (17.2%), and Economy with 428 records (13.5%), ranked first to third respectively in order to Diffusion of Innovation research publishing. among 81 countries that have produced documents related to the Diffusion of Innovation, findings showed that over 57 percent were produced in the US and England. Iran with a production of 7 records (%2.0) in this field ranked 34th.Results: The present study revealed significant correlation existing between cumulative annual frequency of scientific outputs, and year of study. An exponential regression was applied to model the high correlation between cumulative number of documents and the year of study. Using the regression equation, it can be estimated that in 2015, the number of scientific publications on this topic will be twice of the number of publications in 2006. Finally, by the scientific mapping of Innovation Diffusion on a global basis (GCS), eight clusters were identified and introduced.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the Diffusion of Innovation theory in the field of education. To do this, we considered the comprehensive definition of Diffusion of Innovation theory by focusing on its four essential elements (Innovation, communication channels, time, social system). Then, the necessary requirements for spreading Innovations (relative advantage, relative compatibility, ease of use, testability, observability), and the people who involved in this matter (innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, sceptics) were examined. Then, the impact of Innovations on the most important factors of education system (schools, human elements particularly teachers, educational materials and teaching learning methods) has been addressed. Finally, some suggestions for encouraging and accepting educational Innovations have been offered.

This is the age of permanent and immediate change in different aspects of human life. These changes have consequences for education and the education system needs Innovation and change in order to be consistent with these transformations and facing their challenges. Therefore researches, studies, and projects are done that search for ways and strategies to modify the learning environment and to improve the performance of the education system. The specialists and policy makers mainly attend to the technical adaptation of Innovations with today's knowledge. In other words, they try to fit the ways and strategies – designed technically and scientifically well - with the needs and problems. This effort is valuable in itself; however, it is not the entire job. What is neglected and less attended is the social adaptation of Innovations; i.e., the way of establishing the innovative projects in the body of education system and their entry in the school and class. In other words, the “how” of Diffusion and successful dissemination of an Innovation is important, because this is at a higher level of technical adaptation of Innovation and on this basis it is more or less neglected in our education system, up till today?The examination of change in the Iranian education system shows mostly that, the social adaptation of Innovations with reconstruction and modification of the country's education system has not been considered at all and most of the Innovations are imposed on the body of the education system according to circular letters and orders. It is as if Innovation is a piece of mechanical set that is easily changed with the worn out piece. Therefore, most of the time its degree of success in terms of entry to schools, classes and the students’ teaching-learning process is little and sometimes a failure. On the other hand, the innovative projects are designed scientifically and technically well or at least tried to be so according to the experts.Dealing with the social adaptation of Innovations, this paper presents a pattern for the Diffusion of Innovations in the education system in Iran. This pattern, which is a demand-based one and attending to the social condition of dissemination of Innovations and presenting the criteria and conditions for their execution at school, establishes the base for the acceptance and execution of Innovations on group decisions at school that involve the following stages:producing Innovationmodifying and fittingdissemination and informingacceptance, preparation of schools and demandinvestigating the school demandsupporting the schools that want Innovationfeedback and modification

The Diffusion of Innovation in the engineering sector is a critical process that underpins technological advancement, economic growth, and societal progress. This narrative review synthesizes existing research on Innovation Diffusion strategies, with a particular focus on the barriers to adoption, challenges of scaling, and the impact of cultural and societal factors. It explores the role of key stakeholders, including engineers, policymakers, businesses, and end-users, in facilitating or hindering the Diffusion process. The review identifies effective strategies for accelerating adoption and scaling, such as leveraging networks, policy interventions, and financial incentives, while also examining the influence of emerging trends and technologies like digitalization and sustainable Innovation. Key findings highlight the complexity of the Diffusion process and the need for targeted approaches that address specific barriers and leverage stakeholder collaboration. The review concludes by identifying research gaps and suggesting future directions, emphasizing the importance of flexible and adaptive strategies in the face of rapid technological change.